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Sickle Cell Anemia
Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the β-globin gene (HBB), resulting in the production of abnormal hemoglobin called Hemoglobin S (Hb S).
Pathophysiology: Under low oxygen conditions, Hb S polymerizes, causing red blood cells to change shape from round to sickle-shaped.
Sickle cells are fragile, easily destroyed, and can block small blood vessels, leading to ischemia, pain, and organ damage.